SELECT 
    A AS '日期', 
    SUM(CASE WHEN B='胜' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS `胜`, 
    SUM(CASE WHEN B='负' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS `负` 
FROM `table` GROUP BY A;

或

SELECT 
    A AS '日期', 
    SUM(IF(B='胜', 1, 0) AS `胜`, 
    SUM(IF(B='负', 1, 0) AS `负`
FROM `table` GROUP BY A;